13.6.1 Scope of the research project Nyenrode, IUCN-NL and ECNC

Type of activities/ investments

The project focused on cataloguing investments that directly support the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES). Typical examples include sustainable forestry, fisheries and agriculture, eco-tourism, and nature conservation (associated revenues); and also the evolving carbon market through REDD (Reducing Emissions through Deforestation and forest Degradation).

Criterion 1 for inclusion in the research project: pro-biodiversity business activities

A main criterion for including a certain type of business in the research project was that it would (directly) enhance biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services or at least maintain it. For example, investments in monoculture plantation forestry using exotic species were excluded from the scope of the research. Important in this respect is also the reference situation in the 'area of investment'. For instance, organic agriculture may lead, in terms of BES, to an improvement compared to large scale intensive agriculture, but is certainly a decline compared to the original, natural vegetation.

Exclusion from the research

Activities or investments that contribute more indirectly to the conservation of BES were excluded. Examples include the development of sustainable energy sources (e.g. wind and solar energy), innovations that contribute to more efficient use of natural resources (e.g. Cradle to Cradle concept), and reduction of pollution.

Criterion 2 for inclusion in the research project: revenue stream/ rates of return

Another major criterion for the inclusion of a certain project in the research project was that the projects and investments deliver revenue streams and are ultimately aimed at becoming profitable. The type of investments may range from purely private to commercial investments. A mix of private and public investments (or a mix of commercial and philanthropic investments) was also addressed.

Target groups of the research outcome

The primary target groups of the project were major European institutional investors (i.e. pension funds) and commercial banks that operate internationally. These are the key players required to establish the necessary changes. Other target groups included governments (EU and the Dutch Government) and conservation NGOs as regulatory authorities and NGOs also have a role to play in promoting pro-biodiversity business and investments, respectively by creating a supportive enabling environment (e.g. through fiscal measures, regulations) and by providing knowledge and guidance on BES issues.

Collaboration with other institutions

In terms of project partners, collaboration was sought with leading players and initiatives, including UNEP FI and EUROSIF.

Ecosystem coverage

In principle, investments or activities in all types of ecosystems terrestrial, marine, natural, semi-natural or cultivated systems - were included in the research.

Geographic coverage

Coverage of the investments was global; coverage of target groups was Europe and the Netherlands.