3 The descriptive approach: vacuum instruments in different jurisdictions

This section covers the various instruments mentioned in section 1. Each subsection covers one instrument from one jurisdiction, although an instrument is sometimes juxtaposed with a different one. Each subsection starts with (a) an introduction of the instrument, then (b) provides the answers to the subquestions, and finally (c) makes some concluding remarks. This section concludes by summarizing the findings in subsection 3.4, in the form of a chart.