Chapter 2 Barriers to women’s advancement to the corporate top in Europe

Purpose – This chapter aims to analyze the barriers discussed in the extant literature as to why women are underrepresented in the corporate top and explains how these barriers interrelate. An understanding of the interrelatedness of the barriers can help develop suitable and effective interventions to improve women’s representation.

Design/methodology/approach – The systematic review method was applied. The search resulted in 51 relevant academic articles from multiple disciplines which were used for the analysis.

Findings – Barriers identified include gender stereotypes, bias in recruitment and promotion, devaluation of women, masculine and long-hours organizational culture, work-family issues and the lack of professional support. The interrelatedness of these barriers is analyzed by means of a conceptual framework.

Research limitations/implications – The adopted method requires the use of search engines and search terms and consequently relevant articles may have been overlooked. The study is geographically demarcated to Europe and, hence is only applicable to developing suitable and effective interventions in a European context. More research is needed into which interventions are appropriate and effective to overcome the barriers identified.

Practical implications – The insights can be used by companies to foster gender equality and by companies and governments to develop appropriate and effective interventions to overcome these barriers.

Originality/value – This review contributes to the literature by uncovering the interrelatedness of the barriers. Understanding the interrelatedness is crucial for developing appropriate interventions to overcome the barriers and ultimately to achieve gender equality at the corporate top.

Keywords – Discrimination, Barriers, Gender, Gender equality, Women’s advancement, Women’s underrepresentation.